Sports coaches use a variety of methods to maximize the potential of the players they lead. The discipline of sports coaching is built upon multiple knowledge bases, including game strategy, exercise physiology and sports psychology.

Officially known as the Italian Republic, the country is found in southern Europe. The official language is Italian and the cultural rich capital is Rome. Many of the world's oldest universities are located in Italy, in particular the University of Bologna (founded in 1088). There are three Superior Graduate Schools with "university status", three institutes with the status of Doctoral Colleges, which function at graduate and post-graduate level.