Product design programs sometimes allow for optional areas of expertise that students can use to narrow their focus. Many institutions offer urban design and home design specializations. Additionally, programs can help students form industry connections and internships that can lead to job positions after completion.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.