The study of materials, objects and biological structures of extremely small size is known as nanoscience. The chemical and electrical processes used in nanomanufacturing are often investigated during these programs with an aim toward extending the boundaries of engineering and medical sciences.

Norway (Norge) is the westernmost, northernmost — and in fact the easternmost — of the three Scandinavian countries. Norway is well known for its amazing and varied scenery. The fjords in the west of the country are long narrow inlets, flanked on either side by tall mountains where the sea penetrates far inland. The ultimate responsibility for the education lies with the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.